Look at these 3 pictures, the one on the left is said to be from Aljazeera, the one on the right from FOX News, and the one in the middle is the original found online... but regardless, this is a good example of how the same picture could be seen in 3 different ways, the media are experts at manipulating how we see things... use your critical thinking before believing everything you see in the news!
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Few things we have to remember when we fuel our vehicles:
( Especially for Asian countries...i am not much aware of other continents climatic conditions ) * Fill petrol on Early morning, because the ground temperature of the petrol bunk's will be cool and the density of the petrol will be maintained exactly. when we fill petrol on sunny mid-day's and evening's..the ground temperature will be high, petrol density will be less. it will not exactly for what you paid. ( even a 1 degree increase in ground temperature can make a change in quantity) * Don't fill full tank of your vehicle, it will make petrol to get vaporization much faster. Fill it half tank always. * Don't fill when the petrol station is re-filling their bunk, because most of the bunks doesn't maintain their bunk properly or cleaning their bunk regularly. there is a very high chance of getting fueled your vehicle with petrol slag too. In TAMILLanguage : எல்லா பெட்ரோல் பம்புகளும் தங்கள் சேமிப்புத் தொட்டிகளை நிலத்துக்கு அடியில் பதித்து வைத்திருக் கின்றன. நிலத்தின் வெப்பநிலை குளிர்ச்சியாக இருக்கும் போதே எரிபொருள் அடர்த்தியுடன் இருக்கும். வெப்பநிலை அதிகரிக்கும்போது, பெட்ரோல் விரிவடையும். எனவே, மதியம், மாலையில் நீங்கள் ஒரு லிட்டர் பெட்ரோல் வாங்கினால், அது மிகச்சரியாக ஒரு லிட்டர் இருக்காது. எனவே, நிலத்தின் வெப்பநிலை குளிர்ச்சியாக இருக்கும் அதிகாலை நேரங்களில் வாகனத்துக்கு பெட்ரோல் நிரப்புங்கள். பெட்ரோல அதேபோல நீங்கள் பெட்ரோல் நிரப்பப் போகும்போதுதான், அந்த பங்கில் லாரியில் இருந்து பெட்ரோல் இறக்கப்படுகிறது என்றால், அப்போது வாகனத்துக்கு பெட்ரோல் நிரப்பாதீர்கள். கிடங்கின் அடியில் தேங்கியிருந்த கசடுகள் அப்போது கலங்கி இருக்கும். இது எஞ்சினை பாதிக்கும். |
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45 THINGS A GIRL WANT, BUT WON'T ASK FOR:
1. Touch her waist. 2. Actually talk to her. 3. Share secrets with her. ...4. Give her your jacket. 5. Kiss her slowly. Are you remembering this? 6. Hug her. 7. Hold her. 8. Laugh with her. 9. Invite her somewhere. 10. Hangout with her and your friends together. KEEP READING .. 11. Smile with her. 12. Take pictures with her. 13. Pull her onto your lap. 14. When she says she loves you more, deny it. Fight back. 15. When her friends say "I love her more than you", deny it. Fight back and hug her tight so she can't get to her friends. It makes her feel loved. Are you thinking of someone? 16. Always hug her and say I love you whenever you see her. 17. Kiss her unexpectedly. 18. Hug her from behind around the waist. 19. Tell her she's beautiful. 20. Tell her the way you feel about her. One last thing you need to do to show her you actually do mean it. 21. Open doors for her, walk her to her car - it makes her feel protected, plus it never hurts to act like a gentleman. 22. Tell her she's your everything - only if you mean it. 23. If it seems like there is something wrong, ask her - if she denies something being wrong, it means SHE DOESN'T WANT TO TALK ABOUT IT - so just hug her. 24. Make her feel loved. 25. Kiss her in front of OTHER girls you know! WE MIGHT DENY IT BUT WE ACTUALLY LIKE AND KINDA WANT YOU TO TICKLE US .. 26. Don't lie to her. 27. DON'T cheat on her. 28. Take her ANYWHERE she wants. 29. Text message or call her in the morning and tell her have a good day at school, and how much you miss her. 30. Be there for her whenever she needs you, and even when she doesn't need you, just be there so she'll know that she can always count on you. ARE YOU STILL READING THIS? YOU BETTER, BECAUSE IT'S IMPORTANT. 31. Hold her close when she's cold so she can hold you too. 32. When you are alone hold her close and kiss her. 33. Kiss her on the cheek; (it will give her the hint that you want to kiss her). 34. While in the movies, put your arm around her and then she will automatically put her head on your shoulder, then lean in and tilt her chin up and kiss her lightly. 35. Don't ever tell her to leave even jokingly or act like you're mad. If she's upset, comfort her. REMEMBER ALL THESE THINGS WHEN YOU ARE WITH HER NEXT .. 36. When people diss her, stand up for her. 37. Look deep into her eyes and tell her you love her. 38. Lay down under the stars and put her head on your chest so she can listen to the steady beat of your heart, link your fingers together while you whisper to her as she rests her eyes and listens to you. 39. When walking next to each other grab her hand. 40. When you hug her, hold her in your arms as long as possible. MAKE SURE SHE KNOWS SHES LOVED. 41. Call or text her at night to wish her sweet dreams. 42. Comfort her when she cries and wipe away her tears. 43. Take her for long walks at night. 44. Always remind her how much you love her. 45. Sit on top of her and tell her how much you love her and then bend down to her face and kiss her while you're sitting on her. You'll never know when she needs just a little more love .. ♥! |
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How to Identify a STROKE:
Remember The 1st Three Letters... S.T..R ... My friend sent this to me and encouraged me to post it and spread the word. I agree. If everyone can remember something this simple, we could save some folks. STROKE IDENTIFICATION: Durin They got her cleaned up and got her a new plate of food - while she appeared a bit shaken up, Ingrid went about enjoying herself the rest of the evening. Ingrid's husband called later telling everyone that his wife had been taken to the hospital - (at 6:00pm , Ingrid passed away.) She had suffered a stroke at the party . Had they known how to identify the signs of a stroke, perhaps Ingrid would be with us today. Some don't die. They end up in a helpless, hopeless condition instead. It only takes a minute to read this... STROKE IDENTIFICATION: A neurologist says that if he can get to a stroke victim within 3 hours he can totally reverse the effects of a stroke...totally. He said the trick was getting a stroke recognized, diagnosed, and then getting the patient medically cared for within 3 hours, which is tough. RECOGNIZING A STROKE Remember the '3' steps, STR . Read and Learn! Sometimes symptoms of a stroke are difficult to identify. Unfortunately, the lack of awareness spells disaster. The stroke victim may suffer severe brain damage when people nearby fail to recognize the symptoms of a stroke. Now doctors say a bystander can recognize a stroke by asking three simple questions : S * Ask the individual to SMILE .. T * = TALK. Ask the person to SPEAK A SIMPLE SENTENCE (Coherently) (eg 'It is sunny out today'). R * Ask him or her to RAISE BOTH ARMS . If he or she has trouble with ANY ONE of these tasks, call the ambulance and describe the symptoms to the dispatcher. NOTE : Another 'sign' of a stroke is 1. Ask the person to 'stick' out their tongue. 2. If the tongue is 'crooked', if it goes to one side or the other that is also an indication of a stroke. A prominent cardiologist says if everyone who gets this e-mail sends it to 10 people; you can bet that at least one life will be saved. And it could be your own. |
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A dismal report card
By Chitta Behera Around 17,282 habitations in India do not have a primary school within 1 km, 148,696 government schools still do not have a building, 165,742 have no drinking water, 455,561 schools have no toilets, and around 114,531 primary schools are single-teacher schools. Where does that leave the Right to Education, which has been notified by only 9 states 15 months on? If there is one law in the country that promised a lot only to belie it the next moment, it is the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009, popularly called the Right to Education (RTE) Act. In terms of non-performance, it can be compared to the overambitious and inherently abortive Article 45 in the Directive Principles of the Constitution which read: "The state shall endeavour to provide, within a period of 10 years from the commencement of this Constitution, for free and compulsory education for all children until they complete the age of 14 years." However, there's a big difference between the straight talk of the erstwhile Article 45 and the indecisive construction of its counterpart. The newly-inserted Article 21 A (Right to Education) in the Fundamental Rights chapter reads: "The state shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of six to 14 years in such manner as the state may, by law, determine." Several striking differences between the two stand out. The new dispensation, though embellished now as a Fundamental Right, enables the state to bypass not only a definite commitment in terms of time or manner of ensuring universalisation of elementary education but also its obligation towards early childhood education for children in the 0-6 age-group. In other words, whatever the Indian state does or refrains from doing on the elementary education front can be justified under "in such manner as the state may, by law, determine"! The Right to Education Act came into force on April 1, 2010, covering the entire country except Jammu and Kashmir, as per Central Gazette Notification dated February 19, 2010. Theoretically, this meant that all provisions under the Act, including norms and standards for would-be schools, should have been in place across the country on the day of its commencement. But everyone, including primary stakeholders in the new law -- education administrators, teachers, school managements, parents -- was caught unawares. Then came the notification of central rules, made on April 8, 2010, as required under Section 38 of the Act, applicable to concerned educational authorities of the Centre and union territories. It's worthwhile to mention here that no state came forward voluntarily, as required under the above section, to frame the necessary rules for operationalising provisions of the Act in their respective domains. Only after the draft Model Rules for the States was circulated in February 2010 by the Centre, along with a favourable hint at fund sharing between the Centre and the states, did some states begin to mull implementation of the Act, albeit with a lot of hesitation and doubts that persist to this day. More than a year on, implementation of the RTE Act across India presents as wretched a picture as existed at the moment of its commencement. According to the official release 'Status of Implementation of RTE Act, 2009, in States/UTs as on 15.3.2011' (http://ssa.nic.in/r Another mandatory provision -- the State Commission for Protection of Child Rights (SCPCR) that's supposed to be in place as the monitoring authority and highest appellate body for grievance redressal, according to Sections 31 and 32 of the Act -- has been complied with by only one-third of the states, says the release. That means only 11 in all, namely Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Mizoram, Orissa, Rajasthan and Sikkim. Broadly speaking therefore, two-thirds of India still remains outside RTE Act 2009 -- a fact that not only makes this particular law a joke but casts doubts on the law-framing calibre of Indians. Slow progress in compliance apart, the situation on the ground remains bleak. Even Human Resources Development Minister Kapil Sibal, who appears to be fanatically committed to the RTE Act, had to admit to some stark realities afflicting the Act whilst releasing its first-year report card on April 1, 2011. Though he started off on a note of optimism, Sibal couldn't but put on record: "It's unfortunate that 81,50,619 children in the age-group six to 14 are still out of school... |
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Globalising at any cost
By Darshini Mahadevia Indian mega-cities are rushing to provide world-class infrastructure to welcome capital investment. But a close look at the budgets of Mumbai, Ahmedabad and Bangalore reveals that the investment in roads, flyovers and telecommunications for the few is at the cost of essential services like water, sanitation and public health for the many Cities are engines of growth. This commonly-used statement has become a slogan for urban policies in recent times. Added to the slogan is the fact that there is a need to develop a brand image for our cities. Terms like 'brand image' and 'USP' of cities have become common. It is believed that cities attract investment, but our cities do not have adequate infrastructures to invite investment. Cities have entered into competition with each other for investment, tourism, public funds and events such as the Olympic Games. They also compete in assembling a skilled and educated labour force, efficient modern infrastructure, a responsive system of local governance, flexible land and property markets, high environmental standards and a high quality of life. Such competition calls for improvements in transport infrastructure, clean air, good housing (no slums) and so on. All is fair in love and war and competition. But how exactly are our mega-cities doing in terms of urban development? Mumbai, the largest mega-city of India, is in an abysmal state. More than half her population is forced to live in slums and shanties. If dilapidated chawls (one-room tenements) are included, about 75% of the population is living in dilapidated housing. The public transport system, particularly the local trains, is over-crowded. Despite the construction of some 50 flyovers, the roads remain as clogged as ever, resulting in high levels of atmospheric pollution. People spend long hours commuting. But the city wants to become world-class; Shanghai is its model. For this, the Government of Maharashtra (GOM) appointed a taskforce and accepted its recommendations. An officer for special projects has been appointed to implement projects. The early projects are mainly local beautification projects. Bombay First (modelled on London First), a group set up by corporate houses, came up with a 'Vision 2010' document, which has been incorporated almost completely by the GOM taskforce in its 'Vision 2013' document. Bombay First is modelled on the Bangalore Agenda Task Force (BATF), wherein 'respected citizens' are members. Vision 2013 states that in addition to the current level of investment in the city, an additional Rs 20,000 crore per annum are required to construct infrastructure for a world-class city. Rs 1,500 crore per annum will be brought in by the government and the rest is expected to come from the private sector. The State investment is likely to be made by the Mumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC), with support from the GOM. Let's see how feasible this is. The total size of the 2004-05 proposed budget of the BMC is Rs 6,756 crore (of which Rs 1,721 crore is capital investment). This is evidently not sufficient. Of the total proposed budget, 48% is to go towards either wages or debt servicing. Debt servicing is the repayment of borrowed capital along with interest on the borrowing. Of the total revenue expenditure (which excludes investment in capital projects), 64% is to go for wages and debt servicing. There is unlikely to be a surplus on the revenue side to be transferred to the capital account. Then where would the additional Rs 1,500 crore come from? It would probably be borrowed by the BMC. Debt servicing to total revenue income at the moment is just 10%. Another proposal is to shift the slums from Dharavi to the salt-pan lands in the north. With the Bandra-Kurla complex becoming the new business district, the adjacent lands of Dharavi are in demand for the development of world class real estate projects. Besides thousands of residents, Dharavi has many local economic activities that would be displaced. But the panoramic view from the glass towers in the business district would improve. Unlike Delhi, where there has been forced eviction of slums and local economic activities, Mumbai is proceeding with gradual eviction. What does debt financing mean for city budgets? We can draw lessons from other metropolitan cities, say Bangalore and Ahmedabad, both of which opted to raise capital funds from the bond market and borrowings from financial institutions. Let's take Ahmedabad first. Nothing much in terms of physical development has happened in the city in the last few years besides an underpass below the railway line passing through the city, a flyover, and road-widening with municipal finances. Still, the budget of the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) is under stress. This is partly because of poor financial planning and partly because of debt financing. In 1996, AMC chalked out a long-term capital investment plan, based on revenue projections and financial viability... |
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Who is SONIA GANDHI? ( Every Indian Should Know This )
Who is Sonia Gandhi ? There is officially no Sonia Gandhi. Her real name in passport is neither Gandhi nor Sonia. Its Edvige Antonia Albina Maino. Sonia is a Russian name and not Italian However, Antonia is an Italian name and her passport is Italian. Though she has married Rajiv Gandhi* she never accepted change of title officially. ( recall the time of turmoil in Indian politics when Sonia Gandhi was trying to be the prime minister, but ultimately ManMohan Singh became her toy) *Rajiv Gandhi: Rajiv Khan being the son of Firoz Khan and Indira Priyadarshani. Gandhi is an assumed title to sentimentally lure Indians for their political benefit. They are Muslims by religion. Father: Stef Mother: P Family: She had 2 sistersin Orbassano, Italy Birth Sonia claims she was born in Besano, near Turin in Italy. However, as per her birth certificate, She is actually born is Luciana, in the borders of Switzerland. A resort town for German soldiers during war. Education: She initially put forward to Indian Govt. that she studied in Cambridge University which proved to be fake. She submitted an affidavit that she studied English in Bell Education trust at Cambridge. Even this was proven to be fake and was found she never got any education after class five. She was a young girl with no formal education living five years in England. How did she support her livelihood for 5 years? Any wild guesses? Citizenship: She has not given off her Italian citizenship. Indira Gandhi used her power to issue her an Indian Citizenship so that she can join Indian politics. She is holding an illegal citizenship in India. No action is being taken by Home Minister. Religion: Ch Bank Balance: Rajiv Gandhi and his family owned 2 billion USD in Swiss Bank as of November,1991. Beneficiary of death of Indira Gandhi and Rajiv Gandhi was Sonia Gandhi. Family: Sonia' unsuspected. Sonia's son Rahul Gandhi, whose real name is Raul Vinci. He got admitted to Harvard in quota but was thrown off soon because he was incompetent. He has Italian citizenship since his mother never gave up her citizenship. He cannot officially become the citizen of India or any politician in India as long as he doesn't give up his Italian citizenship. Arrested in Boston airport for carrying 160,000 dollars cash, accompanied by Veronique (spanish). veronique is the daughter of Drug mafia leader. Rahul has also been accused for gang raping Sukanya Devi, whose petition to all courts in India have been rejected due to their political hold and the whereabouts of the family is unknown. However, the information is widely available online. By: Madhusimha Reddy |
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All Indian government office related links are available. Kindly save it.
Obtain: * Birth Certificate <http://www.india. gov.in/howdo/ howdoi.php? service=1> * Caste Certificate <http://www.india. gov.in/howdo/ howdoi.php? service=4> * Tribe Certificate <http://www.india. gov.in/howdo/ otherservice_ details.php? service=8> * Domicile Certificate <http://www.india. gov.in/howdo/ howdoi.php? service=5> * Driving Licence <http://www.india. gov.in/howdo/ howdoi..php? service=6> * Marriage Certificate <http://www.india. gov.in/howdo/ howdoi.php? service=3> * Death Certificate <http://www.india. gov.in/howdo/ howdoi.php? service=2> * Search More - How do I <http://www.india. gov.in/howdo/ advancedsearch. php> Apply for: * PAN Card <http://www.india. gov.in/howdo/ otherservice_ details.php? service=15> * TAN Card <http://www.india. gov.in/howdo/ otherservice_ details.php? service=3> * Ration Card <http://www.india. gov.in/howdo/ howdoi.php? service=7> * Passport <http://www.india. gov.in/howdo/ otherservice_ details.php? service=2> * Inclusion of name in the Electoral Rolls <http://www.india. gov.in/howdo/ howdoi.php? service=10> * Search More - How do I <http://www.india. gov.in/howdo/ advancedsearch. php> Register: * Land/Property <http://www.india. gov.in/howdo/ howdoi.php? service=9> * Vehicle <http://www.india. gov.in/howdo/ howdoi.php? service=13> * With State Employment Exchange <http://www.india. gov.in/howdo/ howdoi.php? service=12> * As Employer <http://www.india. gov.in/howdo/ otherservice_ details.php? service=17> * Company <http://www.india. gov.in/howdo/ otherservice_ details.php? service=19> * .IN Domain <http://www.india. gov.in/howdo/ otherservice_ details.php? service=18> * GOV.IN Domain <http://www.india. gov.in/howdo/ otherservice_ details.php? service=25> * Search More - How do I <http://www.india. gov.in/howdo/ advancedsearch. php> Check/Track: * Waiting list status for Central Government Housing <http://www.india. gov.in/howdo/ otherservice_ details.php? service=9> * Status of Stolen Vehicles <http://www.india. gov.in/howdo/ otherservice_ details.php? service=1> * Land Records <http://www.india. gov.in/landrecor ds/index. php> * Causelist of Indian Courts <http://www.india. gov.in/howdo/ otherservice_ details.php? service=7> * Court Judgements (JUDIS ) <http://www.india. gov.in/howdo/ otherservice_ details.php? service=24> * Daily Court Orders/Case Status <http://www.india. gov.in/howdo/ otherservice_ details.php? service=21> * Acts of Indian Parliament <http://www.india. gov.in/howdo/ otherservice_ details.php? service=13> * Exam Results <http://www.india. gov.in/howdo/ otherservice_ details.php? service=16> * Speed Post Status <http://www.india. gov..in/howdo/ otherservice_ details.php? service=10> * Agricultural Market Prices Online <http://www.india. gov.in/howdo/ otherservice_ details.php? service=6> * Search More - How do I <http://www.india. gov.in/howdo/ advancedsearch. php> Book/File/Lodge: * Train Tickets Online <http://www.india. gov.in/howdo/ otherservice_ details.php? service=5> * Air Tickets Online <http://www.india. gov..in/howdo/ otherservice_ details.php? service=4> * Income Tax Returns <http://www.india. gov.in/howdo/ otherservice_ details.php? service=12> * Complaint with Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) <http://www.india. gov.in/howdo/ otherservice_ details.php? service=14> * Search More - How do I <http://www.india. gov.in/howdo/ advancedsearch. php> Contribute to: * Prime Minister's Relief Fund <http://www..india. gov.in/howdo/ otherservice_ details.php? service=11> * Search More - How do I <http://www.india. gov.in/howdo/ advancedsearch. php> Others: * Send Letters Electronically <http://www.india. gov.in/howdo/ otherservice_ details.php? service=20> * Search More - How do I <http://www.india. gov.in/howdo/ advancedsearch. php> Recently Added Online Services * Tamil Nadu: Online application of marriage certificate for persons having registered their marriages <http://www.india. gov.in/howdo/ onlineservice_ detail.php? service=2691> * Tamil Nadu: Online District wise soil Details of Tamil Nadu <http://www.india. gov.in/howdo/ onlineservice_ detail.php? service=2693> * Tamil Nadu: View Water shed Atlas of Tamil Nadu <http://www.india. gov.in/howdo/ onlineservice_ detail.php? service=2694> * Tamil Nadu: E-Pension District Treasury Tirunelveli <http://www.india. gov.in/howdo/ onlineservice_ detail.php? service=2695> * Meghalaya: Search Electoral Roll Online by Name (2008) <http://www.india. gov.in/howdo/ onlineservice_ detail.php? service=2697> * Meghalaya: Search Electoral Roll Online by EPIC number (2008) <http://www.india. gov.in/howdo/ onlineservice_ detail.php? service=2698> * Meghalaya: Search Electoral Roll Online by House number (2008) <http://www.india. gov.in/howdo/ onlineservice_ detail.php? service=2699> * Himachal Pradesh: Revised Pay and Arrears Calculator-Fifth...   |
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சோழர் காலம்
தென் இந்திய வரலாற்றின் உயர்விற்கு சோழ அரசர்கள் பெரும் பங்களிப்பு செய்துள்ளனர். முற்கால சோழர்கள் சங்ககாலத்தில் ஆட்சிபுரிந்தனர். சங்க கால சோழ அரசர்களில் தலைச்சிறந்த அரசர் கரிகாலன் ஆவார். வெகு காலத்திற்குப் பிறகு பல்லவர்கள் ஆட்சி வீழ்ச்சியுற்ற போது சோழ அரசு மறுபடியும் தலைதூக்க ஆரம்பித்தது. விஜயாலயன் எனும் சோழ மன்னரால் மீண்டும் புதுப்பொலிவுடன் சோழர் ஆட்சி ஆரம்பித்து வைக்கப்பட்டடது. பிற்கால சோழமன்னர்கள் கி.பி. 850 முதல் கி.பி.1279 வரை சுமார் 430 ஆண்டுகள் ஆட்சி புரிந்தனர்.  சான்றுகள் கிடைக்கக் கூடிய பொருத்தமான சான்றுகளின் அடிப்படையில்தான் எந்தவொரு சமூகம் அல்லது அரசாட்சியின் வரலாற்றையும் எழுத முடியும். சோழர்களைப் பற்றி அறிய ஏராளமான கல்வெட்டு, தொல்பொருள், மற்றும் இலக்கியச் சான்றுகள் கிடைக்கின்றன. மகாவம்சம் போன்ற இலக்கியச் சான்றுகளும், மெகஸ்தனிஸ் போன்ற வெளிநாட்டுப் பயணிகளின் குறிப்புகளும் முற்கால சோழர்கள் பற்றி சிறந்த சான்றுகளாக உள்ளன. கல்வெட்டுகள் சோ மூன்றாம அன்பி நினைவுச் சின்னங்கள்: சோழர்கால வரலாற்றை அறிந்துகொள்ள நினைவுச் சின்னங்கள் மிக முக்கிய சான்றுகளாய் பயன்படுகின்றன. நினைவுச் சின்னங்கள் ஆலயங்களின் பகுதிகளாக உள்ளன. தஞ்சையில் உள்ள பிரகதீஸ்வரர் ஆலயம், கங்கை கொண்ட சோழபுரம் கோவில், தாராபுரத்திலுள்ள ஐராவதீஸ்வரர் ஆலயம், திருபுனவத்திலுள்ள கம்பகரேஸ்வரர் ஆலயம் சோழர்காலத்தின் முக்கிய நினைவுச் சின்னங்கள் ஆகும். நாணயங்கள்: சோழ அரசர்கள் பொன், வெள்ளி, செப்பு நாணயங்களை வெளியிட்டனர். அவற்றில் பொற்காசுகள் மிக்க குறைவாகவும், வெள்ளி செப்புக்காசுகள் அதிகமாகவும் கிடைக்கின்றன. சோழர் காலத்தில் வெளியிடப்பட்ட சோழ நாணயங்களில் சோழர்களின் சின்னமாகிய புலி சினனமும், சோழ அரசர்களின் பெயர்களும் காணப்பபடுகின்றன. இராஜராஜ சோழன் இலங்கையின் நாணயத்தைப் போன்ற நாணயங்களை நமது ராஜ்ஜியத்தில் வெளியிட்டார். சோழ அரசர்களின் காலங்களை வரிசைப்படுத்தவும், சோழர்கால சமுதாய பொருளாதார நிலைமைகளை அறிந்துகொள்ளவும் இந்நாணயங்கள் பெரிதும் பயன்படுகின்றன. இலக்கி சங்கால சோழர்கள் மற்றும் பிற்கால சோழர்கள் பற்றி, அறிந்துகொள்ள இலக்கியங்கள் சிறந்த சான்றுகளாக உள்ளன. சேக்கிழாரின் பெரிய புராணம் சைவ பக்தர்களைப் பற்றிக் கூறுகிறது. இரண்டாம் குலோத்துங்கன் காலத்தில் சேக்கிழார் வாழ்ந்தார். ஜெயம் கொண்டாரின் கலிங்கத்துப்பரணி ஒட்டக்சுத்தரின் மூன்று உலாக்கள், குலோத்துங்கன் பிள்ளைத் தமிழ் ஆகிய நூல்கள் சோழர்கள் பற்றி பயனுள்ள பல தகவல்களைத் தருகின்றன. வீர சோழியம், வநசோழ சரிதம், ஸதல புராணம், சோழ வம்ச சரிதம் ஆகிய இலக்கியங்கள் முற்கால சோழ அரசர்கள் பற்றி அறிய உதவும் சறந்த இலக்கியச் சான்றுகளாக உள்ளன. அயல்நாட்டு சான்றுகள்: சோழ அரசிற்கும் இலங்கை அரசிற்கும் இடையயே இருந்த உறவுகள் பற்றி இலங்கை இலக்கியமான மகாவம்சம் கூறுகின்றது. மேலும் இந்நூல் இலங்கையில் சோழர் ஆட்சி குறித்தும் கூறுகின்றது. ஐரோப்பிய பயணி மார்க்கோ போலோ, அயல்நாட்டு எழுத்தாளர் மெகஸ்தனிஸ் ஆகியோர் சோழர்களைப் பற்றி பல சுவையான தகவல்களைக் கூறுகின்றனர். அல்பெரூணி எனும் முகமதிய வரலாற்றாசிரியரும் சோழர்கள் பற்றி எழுதியுள்ளார். பிற்கா பிற்கால சோழ அரச மரபை உருவாக்கியவர் விஜயாலயன் என்ற அரசர் ஆவார். இவர் முத்தரையர்களிடமிருந் முதலாம் பராந்தகன் கி.பி. 907 – கி.பி. 953: உத்திரமேரூர் கல்வெட்டுகள் முதலாம் பராந்தக சோழன் பற்றி நிறைய தகவல்களைத் தருகின்றன. இவர் ஆதித்யனின் மகனாவார். இவர் டிதன் இந்தியாவின் பல பகுதிகளை வென்று தனது நாட்டுடன் இணைந்து தமது பேரரசின் எல்லையை வடக்கே நெல்லூர் வரை விரிவுபடுத்தினார். பாண்டிய மன்னரைத் தோற்கடித்து வெற்றிகரமாக மதுரையைக் கைப்பற்றினார். இந்த வெற்றியை போற்றும் விதமாக இவருக்கு 'மதுரை கொண்டான்' என்ற பட்டடம் வழங்கப்ப்டடது. அத்துடன் மேலும் இலங்கை மற்றும் பாண்டிய அரசர்களின் கூட்டு ராணுவத்தைத் தோற்கடித்ததால் இவர் 'மதுரையும் ஈழமும் கொண்டான்' என்ற பட்டம் பெற்றார். இவர் ஒரு சிவபக்தர். இவர் சிதம்பத்தில் உள்ள நடராஜர் ஆலயத்திற்கு பொன்னால் கூரை வேய்ந்தார். எனவே இவர் 'பொன்வேய்ந்தசோழன்" என்று அழைக்கப்பட்டார். இவரது ஆட்சி காலத்தில் கிராம நிர்வாகம் சிறப்புற்று காணப்பட்டது. ... |
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How to Import or Share G+ post's to your Own Blog:
your posts and re-shared posts will automatically saved in your blog drafts....later you can edit and publish them. 1. Go to your blogger settings * select Mobile & E-mail * Under Email there is an option " posting using email" * Give some secret code and make your blogger mail id. * select the option save emails as Draft post. * Save settings. 2. Open your G+ * click circles * click create a new circle or add new member * type the above "Blogger email id" * Add it. 3. Sharing: * While posting or Re-sharing select any sharing option. * select " Also email 1 person not using G+ yet" Done. your posts and re-shared posts will automatically saved in your blog drafts....later you can edit and publish them.   |
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